Comportamentos alimentares de portadores de DCNT que frequentam uma clínica integrada no extremo sul catarinense / Dietary behaviors of patients with NCDs who are attending an integrated clinic in southern Santa Catarina / Comportamientos alimentarios de pacientes con ENT que asisten a una clínica integrada en el extremo sur de Santa Catarina

Objetivo: verificar os comportamentos alimentares de indivíduos com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Método: Estudo descritivo, transversal, quantitativo com coleta de dados primários. Resultados: Sobre os comportamentos alimentares 48,6% (36) relataram realizar refeições em frente às telas, a maioria executa café da manhã, almoço e jantar e grande parte do grupo expôs consumir alimentos protetores e ultraprocessados. Conclusão: Os comportamentos alimentares encontrados entres os indivíduos com DCNT foram em geral desfavoráveis, mesmo com uma divisão adequada e inclusão de alguns bons alimentos, houve prevalência no consumo de biscoitos recheados, doces e bebidas adoçadas, além do péssimo hábito de se alimentar em frente a televisão.

Objective: to assess the dietary behaviors of individuals with chronic non-communicable diseases. Method: The study followed a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative approach with primary data collection. Results: The results revealed that 48.6% (36) reported having meals in front of screens, and the majority of the participants had breakfast, lunch, and dinner. A significant portion of the group reported consuming both protective foods and ultra-processed foods. Conclusion: In conclusion, the dietary behaviors observed among individuals with NCDs were generally unfavorable. Despite proper meal distribution and the inclusion of some healthy foods, there was a prevalence of consumption of filled cookies, sweets, and sugary beverages, along with the detrimental habit of eating in front of the television.

Objetivo: verificar los comportamientos alimentarios de individuos con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que asisten a una clínica integrada en el extremo sur de Santa Catarina. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo con recolección de datos primarios. Resultados: En cuanto a los comportamientos alimentarios, el 48,6% (36) informó realizar comidas frente a las pantallas, y la mayoría de los participantes desayunaban, almorzaban y cenaban. Además, una parte significativa del grupo declaró consumir alimentos protectores y ultraprocesados. Conclusión: Los comportamientos alimentarios encontrados entre los individuos con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles fueron generalmente desfavorables. A pesar de una adecuada distribución de las comidas e inclusión de algunos alimentos saludables, hubo una prevalencia en el consumo de galletas rellenas, dulces y bebidas azucaradas, además del mal hábito de comer frente al televisor.

Correlation between stomach disharmony and daily diets among students of Chinese medicine colleges and universities in China / 中国基层医药

Objective:To analyze the correlation between gastric disharmony and daily eating behaviors in college students, and to provide intervention measures for improving gastric disharmony among college students.Methods:From April 10 to 30, 2021, 3 825 college students from five Chinese medicine colleges and universities in China were selected for this study using the multi-level sampling method. The information regarding college student's general situation, daily eating behavior, and stomach disharmony was collected by questionnaire.Results:A total of 3 700 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective response rate of 96.73%. The average age was (20.0 ± 3.0) years, and 66.41% of college students included in this study were female. Students with different characteristics had different gastric disharmonies and eating behaviors, and gastric disharmony was correlated with eating behavior. Multivariate analysis results showed that snacking ( OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02-1.21), partial eclipse ( OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00-1.26), picky eaters ( OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.08-1.41), and supper ( OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.04-1.36) were positively correlated with gastric disharmony. Eating regular meals ( OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.79-0.94) and 80% fullness ( OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81-0.98) were negatively correlated with gastric disharmony. Conclusion:Poor eating behaviors may be an important factor leading to gastric disharmony.

Association between dietary behaviors and overweight or obesity in preschool children / 环境与职业医学

Background Overweight/obesity in children are a global health issue. Preschool age is an important stage of children's growth and development and dietary behaviors, so it is crucial to explore dietary behavior characteristics and childhood overweight/obesity. Objective To explore the association between dietary behavior characteristics and overweight/obesity in preschool children in Shanghai, and the consistency of children's eating behavior characteristics with their parents'. Methods The children aged 3 to 6 years in 5 kindergartens in Shanghai in 2015 were selected by convenience sampling and surveyed. Their height and weight were measured. Children's and parents' dietary behavior characteristics were self-reported by their parents. According to the weight-for-height recommended by the World Health Organization, excess weight was calculated by the following formula: excess-weight%=[(measured weight - standard weight)/standard weight×100%]; obese is determined at excess-weight% > 20%, overweight: excess-weight% at 10%-20%, normal weight: excess-weight% at −10%-<10%. Chi-squared test and t test were used to compare the differences of demographic and dietary behavior characteristics between overweight/obese and normal weight children. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between dietary behaviors and overweight/obesity. The consistency of dietary behavior characteristics was tested between children and their parents. Results Among the 897 preschool children, 217 (24.2%) were overweight/obese and 680 (75.8%) were of normal weight. The birth weight [(3439±472) g vs. (3361±418) g] and proportion of monthly household income < 10000 yuan (17.1% vs. 10.7%) in the overweight/obese children were significantly higher than those in the normal weight children, and there were no statistical differences in sex, age, gestational age, time of adding complementary foods, outdoor activities after school every day, and parental BMI. After adjusting for potential confounders such as sex, age, household income, outdoor activities after school every day, and parental overweight/obesity, frequently having puffed food (OR=2.46, 95%CI: 1.20-4.95), western-style fast food (OR=3.52, 95%CI: 1.41-8.79), and carbonated drinks (OR=2.92, 95%CI: 1.37-6.13), often eating a lot (OR=1.51, 95%CI: 1.09-2.08) and having a good appetite (OR=2.60, 95%CI: 1.87-3.62), having regular meals (OR=1.48, 95%CI: 1.07-2.03), and fast eating (OR=3.37, 95%CI: 2.10-5.42) were positively associated with children's overweight/obesity (P<0.05). Children's partial/picky eating was inconsistent with fathers' behavior (P<0.05), while the other dietary behaviors were similar with both mothers' and fathers'. Conclusion Eating behavior characteristics of preschool children are associated with overweight/obesity, and affected by their parents. Early identifying dietary behavior problems and improving dietary habits of children might be an effective strategy in preventing and controlling the occurrence and development of obesity in childhood.

Adequação a uma alimentação saudável em adolescentes escolares e perfil bioquímico associado / Adequacy to healthy eating in adolescent students and associated biochemical profile

Resumo Introdução A adolescência é um período marcante para a adoção de estilo de vida saudável, sendo pertinente avaliar a adesão à alimentação saudável e possíveis relações com componentes bioquímicos. Objetivo Avaliar a adequação aos 10 passos para uma alimentação saudável em adolescentes e a associação ao perfil bioquímico. Método Estudo epidemiológico, transversal e analítico, realizado com 635 adolescentes de escolas estaduais em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais. O número e a seleção dos participantes foram definidos por cálculo amostral. Por meio de questionários, foi feita a averiguação das características sociodemográficas e do consumo alimentar, enquanto foram feitas dosagens bioquímicas para determinar os parâmetros metabólicos. A adequação a uma alimentação saudável foi realizada conforme a adesão do adolescente a cada um dos passos preconizados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram processadas as análises descritiva, bivariada e múltipla por regressão logística. Resultados Foi observado que 70,5% dos adolescentes afirmaram consumir feijão; 57,7% relataram fazer a ingestão total de cereais, raízes, tubérculos e integrais; e 54% faziam o consumo de água. Entre os adolescentes, 1,6% consumia legumes, hortaliças e frutas, e 6,6% ingeriam carne, aves, ovos, leite e derivados. A adesão ao consumo preconizado de leite e carnes magras ou ovos (OR = 2,510) e de refrigerantes, sucos industrializados e guloseimas (OR = 1,830) foi associada ao colesterol total. Conclusão Houve baixa adesão aos 10 passos para uma alimentação saudável, e o perfil lipídico foi associado com o consumo de refrigerantes, sucos industrializados, guloseimas, leite e carnes.

Abstract Background Adolescence is a remarkable period to adopt a healthy lifestyle. It is pertinent to evaluate the adherence to healthy eating and possible relationships with biochemical components. Objective To evaluate the adequacy to the 10 steps for healthy eating in adolescents and the associated biochemical profile. Method Epidemiological, cross-sectional, analytical study conducted with 635 adolescents from public schools in the municipality of Montes Claros, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The number and selection of participants were defined by sample calculation. Sociodemographic characteristics and food consumption were assessed through questionnaires, whereas biochemical measurements were conducted to determine the metabolic parameters. Adequacy to a healthy diet was performed according to the adolescents' adherence to each of the steps recommended by the Ministry of Health (MS). Descriptive, bivariate and multiple regression analyses were performed. Results Food consumption among the adolescent students investigated was as follows: beans (70.5%); cereals, roots, tubers and wholegrains (57.7%); water (54.0%), vegetables, greens and fruits (1.6%); meat, poultry, eggs, milk and dairy products (6.6%). Adherence to the recommended consumption of milk and lean meat or eggs (OR=2.510) and soft drinks, processed juices and goodies (OR=1.830) was associated with total cholesterol levels. Conclusion There was low adherence to the 10 steps for healthy eating and the lipid profile was associated with consumption of soft drinks, processed juices, goodies, milk, and meat.

Experiences, dietary behavior and cultural characteristics of people with colorectal neoplasms / Experiencias, conducta alimentaria y características culturales de personas con neoplasias colorrectales / Experiências, comportamento alimentar e características culturais de pessoas com neoplasias colorretais

ABSTRACT Objectives: to interpret the socio-cultural, religious, and spiritual aspects of the experience of people who have colorectal cancer and were submitted to surgical treatment with ostomy. Methods: ethnographic study under the perspective of the Sociology of Health, in the comprehensive aspect, in a surgical unit of an oncologic hospital of the state of Pará, Brazil. Eighteen deponents participated, eleven patients, and seven caregivers, between December 2018 and March 2019. Data were obtained with non-participant observation, field diary records, and semi-structured interviews with subsequent inductive content analysis. Results: religious attachment and socio-cultural aspects of the illness were interpreted, emphasizing the social fact of the Immediate Dream, emotional shock, modern totemism, toxic food as taboo, and medicalization in the sphere of common sense and biomedical system. Final Considerations: microsocial and macrosocial factors of the participants' experiences contribute to the qualification of oncologic assistance in the public system, assuming the need for specialized interprofessional assistance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: interpretar aspectos socioculturales, religiosos y espirituales de experiencia de enfermedad de personas por cáncer colorrectal sometidas al tratamiento quirúrgico con estomatización. Métodos: estudio etnográfico bajo la perspectiva de la Sociología de Salud, en la vertiente comprensiva, en unidad quirúrgica de un hospital oncológico de Pará, Brasil. Participaron 18 deponentes, siendo 11 enfermos y 7 cuidadores, entre diciembre de 2018 y marzo de 2019. Los datos obtenidos con observación no participante/participante, registro en diario de campo y entrevista semiestructurada con posterior análisis de contenido inductivo. Resultados: interpretaron el apego religioso y aspectos socioculturales del enfermo, enfatizando el hecho social del Sueño Inmediato, choque emocional, totemismo moderno, la reimosidad alimentaria como tabú y la medicalización en la esfera del sentido común y sistema biomédico. Consideraciones Finales: factores microsociales y macrosociales de las experiencias de los participantes contribuyen en cualificación de asistencia oncológica en el sistema público, presuponiendo la necesidad de una asistencia interprofesional especializada.

RESUMO Objetivos: interpretar os aspectos socioculturais, religiosos e espirituais da experiência de adoecimento de pessoas por câncer colorretal submetidas ao tratamento cirúrgico com estomização. Métodos: estudo etnográfico sob a perspectiva da Sociologia da Saúde, na vertente compreensiva, em unidade cirúrgica de um hospital oncológico do estado do Pará, Brasil. Participaram 18 depoentes, sendo 11 adoecidos e 7 cuidadores, entre dezembro de 2018 e março de 2019. Os dados foram obtidos com observação não participante/participante, registro em diário de campo e entrevista semiestruturada com posterior análise de conteúdo indutiva. Resultados: interpretaramse o apego religioso e aspectos socioculturais do adoecimento, enfatizando o fato social do Sonho Imediato, choque emocional, totemismo moderno, reimosidade alimentar como tabu e a medicalização na esfera do senso comum e sistema biomédico. Considerações Finais: fatores microssociais e macrossociais das experiências dos participantes contribuem na qualificação da assistência oncológica no sistema público, pressupondo a necessidade de uma assistência interprofissional especializada.

Relationship between dietary behaviors and risk of noncommunicablediseases among adults in Beijing / 预防医学

Objective@#To evaluate the effects of dietary behaviors on the risk of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.@*Methods@#A total of 12 208 subjects aged 18-60 years old were investigated by questionnaires to collect demographic data, dietary behaviors and lifestyle information, when they did health examination in a tertiary hospital in Beijing from 2014 to 2019. During the observation period of five year, the incidence of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases were collected through health examination files every year. The multivariate logistic regression model was employed to analyze the associations of dietary behaviors with hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. @*Results@#The study included 6 218 ( 50.93% ) males and 5 990 ( 49.07% ) females. The cumulative incidence rates of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases were 7.75%, 2.72% and 3.49%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the high-sodium diet ( OR=1.422, 95%CI: 1.191-1.697 ) , eating fast ( OR=1.457, 95%CI: 1.102-1.974 ), eating more refined grain ( OR=1.251, 95%CI: 1.050-1.490 ) and drinking milk less than once a week ( OR=1.316, 95%CI: 1.022-1.697 ) were risk factors for hypertension. The high-sodium diet ( OR=1.344, 95%CI: 1.048-1.725 ), eating fast ( OR=1.733, 95%CI: 1.046-2.871 ), eating more meat ( OR=1.651,95%CI: 1.263-2.158 ) were risk factors for diabetes. High-sodium diet ( OR=1.501, 95%CI: 1.192-1.889 ) was risk factors for cardiovascular disease. @*Conclusion@#The diet with high sodium, more meat and refined grain as well as eating fast can increase the risk of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Investigation on the changes of nutrition and health behaviors of people of different ages during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the changes in dietary behavior and physical exercise of people of different ages during the epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to explore the influencing factors of weight gain. Methods A structured electronic questionnaire was used to investigate the basic conditions, weight, eating behavior and physical exercise of 1 125 subjects. The χ2 test or non-parametric test was used to compare the changes in the three age groups (65 years), and Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors affecting weight gain. Results Among the three age groups, young people under 30 years old changed greatly in the consumption of grains, red meat, and high-calorie snacks, and in the physical exercise, and there was a significant amount of people experiencing such changes, while for those older than 65 years old, the frequency of intake of grains, red meat, and high-calorie snacks before and after the outbreak was basically unchanged. In addition, compared with the population who basically did not change dietary behavior during the epidemic, the increase in the consumption of grains (OR = 2.469), red meat (OR = 1.582), and high-calorie snacks (OR = 1.815), and the decrease in physical exercise (OR = 1.702 ) were independent risk factors for weight gain during the epidemic (P 65 years old) maintained basically unchanged. The increased intake of grains, red meat and high-calorie snacks, and lack of physical exercise could lead to weight gain.

The Mediating Effect of Body Dissatisfaction in Association between Obesity and Dietary Behavior Changes for Weight Loss in Chinese Children / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#The aim of this study was to analyze the mediating effect of body dissatisfaction in correlation between obesity and dietary behavior changes for weight loss (DBCWL).@*METHODS@#A total of 680 primary and middle school students were included in this study. Their body height, weight, and waistline were effectively measured, and they were also evaluated to assess their body dissatisfaction, perception of dietary behaviors, and DBCWL. The correlation among these factors was analyzed using mediating effect models.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was significantly higher in males than in females (P < 0.05). Overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, and body dissatisfaction significantly increased the risk for DBCWL (OR = 2.57, 2.77, and 1.95, respectively). Overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity significantly increased the risk for body dissatisfaction (OR = 6.00 and 4.70, respectively). Significant mediating effects of body dissatisfaction were observed in correlation between overweight/obesity and DBCWL and between abdominal obesity and DBCWL (OR = 2.20 and 1.92, respectively; P < 0.05), and the proportions of mediating effects among the total effects were 48.89% and 46.60%, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Body dissatisfaction might play an important mediating effect in association between DBCWL and obesity, which indicates that guiding children to correctly recognize their body might be more conducive than promoting obese children toward weight loss through dietary behavior changes.

A comparative study on nutritional knowledge and dietary behavior between Korean and Chinese postpartum women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Proper nutrition intake during pregnancy and lactation is very important to both mothers and babies. Pregnant women should maintain proper nutritional status to restore decreased physical strength due to pregnancy and childbirth and produce breastmilk for the growth and development of the baby. Recently, the number of Chinese people living in Korea has increased as the exchange between Korea and China becomes active. It is important to provide proper nutrition education for pregnant women of both countries considering cultural differences. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects of this study were postpartum women in Gyeonggi, South Korea and Jinhua, China. The subjects were 20–45 years old less than six months after childbirth. A survey, using self-administered questionnaires, was conducted from October 2018 to January 2019. For data analysis, 221 Korean postpartum women (KPW) and 221 Chinese postpartum women (CPW) questionnaires were used. RESULTS: KPW had significantly higher nutritional knowledge score and dietary attitude score than CPW (P < 0.001). However, overall score for dietary habits was significantly higher in CPW compared to KPW (P < 0.001). In KPW, nutritional knowledge (P < 0.01) and dietary attitude (P < 0.001) had significantly positive correlations with dietary habits. The proportions of KPW and CPW who answered that they had experience of nutrition education were 28.5% and 80.1% (P < 0.001). The score for dietary habits was lower as the hours for watching TV and using mobile phone became longer in postpartum women of both countries, with significant differences in KPW (P < 0.001) and CPW (P < 0.05). In KPW, the score for dietary habits in postpartum women with exercise experience was significantly higher than that in postpartum women without exercise experience (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: More pregnancy-related nutrition education should be provided and various and effective nutrition education programs, which not only transfer information but can be practiced in the actual life, should be developed.

Mobile application-based dietary sugar intake reduction intervention study according to the stages of behavior change in female college students / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of a mobile app-based program to reduce the dietary sugar intake according to the stages of the behavioral change in dietary sugar reduction in female college students. METHODS: The program used in this study can monitor the dietary sugar intake after recording the dietary intake and provide education message for the reduction of dietary sugar intake. In an eight-week pre-post intervention study, 68 female college students were instructed to record all the food they consumed daily and received weekly education information. At pre-post intervention, the subjects were asked to answer the questionnaire about sugar-related nutrition knowledge, sugar-intake behavior, and sugar-intake frequency. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and a paired t-test were used for comparative analysis according Precontemplation (PC), Contemplation ·Preparation (C ·P), and A ·M (Action ·Maintenance) stage. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the frequency of snacking, experience of nutrition education, and preference for sweetness according to the stages of behavior change in dietary sugar reduction. After finishing an intervention, the sugar-related nutrition knowledge score was increased significantly in the stages of Precontemplation (PC) and Contemplation ·Preparation (C ·P). The score of the sugar intake behavior increased significantly in all stages. The intake frequency of chocolate, muffins or cakes, and drinking yogurt decreased significantly in the PC stage and the intake frequency of biscuits, carbonated beverages, and fruit juice decreased significantly in the C ·P stage. Subjects in the PC and C ·P stages had an undesirable propensity in nutrition knowledge, sugar-intake behavior, and sugar-intake frequency compared to the A ·M stage, but this intervention improved significantly their nutrition knowledge, sugar-intake behavior, and sugar-intake frequency. CONCLUSION: This program can be an effective educational tool in the stages of PC and C ·P, and is expected to further increase the usability and sustainability of mobile application if supplemented appropriately to a health platform program.

Relationship between Dietary Behaviors and Life Stress of Middle School Students in Gyeonggi Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to examine the dietary behaviors and life stress of middle school students in the Gyeonggi area. METHODS: A total of 580 middle school students (295males, 285 females) in the Gyeonggi area participated in the study between July and August in 2011. The study was a questionnaire-based survey that included dietary habits, dietary behaviors, and life stress. RESULTS: For dietary habits, the score for drinking milk was higher in male students than in female students, whereas the score for eating fruits was higher in female students compared to male students. There were significant differences in foods eaten and preferred under stress between male and female students. Male students showed significantly less changes in the number of meals, amount of meal intake, number of snacks, snack intake, frequency of overeating, and appetite during stress than female students. Life stress score of students largely came from academic factors, and female students showed higher stress levels in personal and surrounding environment factors than male students. Life stress score was significantly lower in students with high and moderate levels of dietary habits than in students with a low level of dietary habits. Total score for dietary habits and scores for eating adequate amounts of foods for each meal, considering a combination of food groups at each meal and eating green and orange vegetables, were significantly negatively correlated with life stress score. Life stress score was significantly negatively correlated with meal regularity and positively with the level of overeating. CONCLUSIONS: This study may provide basic information on dietary habits and life stress according to gender and the relationship between dietary behaviors and life stress of middle school students, and it suggests gender-based nutrition education programs to solve undesirable dietary habits and dietary behaviors in students with higher stress.

Comparison of Dietary Behavior of Eating Alone in Single Households by Status of Workers and Age / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the dietary behaviors of single-person households when eating alone according to the employment pattern and age. METHODS: A total of 566 people aged 20~59 years old were collected from the status of workers and classified into three groups according to their employment pattern (regular, non-regular workers and business owner). The subjects were collected by purposive quota sampling on a Gallup panel from June to November in 2017. The dietary behavior and perception of eating alone of the subjects were surveyed via online and self-reported questionnaires. RESULTS: The frequency of eating alone was significantly higher in the regular group than the non-regular group and business group (p<0.01). The place of eating alone was significantly higher in the regular and non-regular group in the convenience store, and business group in the office (p<0.001). Ramen, the menu when eating alone, was significantly higher in the non-regular group than the other groups (p<0.01). The preference for eating alone was lower in the older age group (p<0.05). The young aged group (aged 20~30) ate more fast food and felt more convenience than the older aged group aged 40~50 years (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Single-person households with a non-regular job have poorer dietary behavior in eating alone than those who had regular employment. In a situation of an increasing number of non-regular workers aged in their 20s and 30s, there is a high likelihood of social problems, such as health and poverty. This study highlights the need for a healthy food selection environment to improve the dietary life of single-person households with non-regular jobs for the diverse types of single-person households.

Comparison Analysis of Dietary Behavior and Nutrient Intakes of the Elderly according to Their Family Status: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to compare dietary life of the elderly living alone and in a family, and to compare differences based on gender, for the 2013-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: The subjects included 2,612 elderly people aged over 65 years who participated in the health survey, health examination and nutrition survey. Subjects on a diet therapy were excluded. This study analyzed the general characteristics, dietary habits, daily energy and nutrient intakes, CPF ratio, estimated average requirement (EAR), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR), index of nutrient quality (INQ), and food consumption of the elderly living alone and in a family. We also compared the differences based on gender. RESULTS: Daily intake of food, water, dietary fiber, potassium, retinol, and riboflavin were low in the male elderly subjects living alone. The elderly living with family revealed higher NAR and MAR as compared to the elderly living alone. Although all MAR values were <1, the elderly living alone had lower values. Considering the intake of food, the consumption of seaweed, fish and shellfish, and oils (animal) was higher in elderly men living with families, whereas women living with families consumed more vegetables, fruits, seaweeds and seafood, as compared to their counterparts living alone. Furthermore, analyzing the foods consumed by the elderly people living alone, female subjects consumed more seaweed, milk and animal oil as compared to male subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the elderly living alone have poor nutrient intake as compared to the elderly living with families. Based on this research data, we recommend that it is necessary to improve the health and nutritional status of the elderly living alone.

Analysis of Dietary Behaviors, Food Consumption Frequency and Blood Clinical Indices by Residence Types of Female College Students in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: College is an important time for students to establish their identity as an independent subjects and develop a foundation to maintain a healthy adulthood. However, after female students become college students, their eating habits are likely to become more irregular and they may experience various health problems because of excessive weight control. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the dietary behaviors and blood clinical indices of female college students by residence types. METHODS: A total of 374 subjects were classified as home group, self-boarding group or boarding group according to residence type. Dietary habits, frequency of food intake, and eating attitudes were examined through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were analyzed. RESULTS: The meal most frequently skipped by female college students was breakfast, and the frequency of skipping breakfast was significantly lower in the home group than other groups. Most college students recognized that their eating habits had worsened since becoming college students, with the self-boarding group in particular feeling that their eating habits changed negatively. The consumption frequencies of protein foods, fruits, dairy products, seaweed, and fatty meats were significantly lower in the self-boarding group than other groups. The home group ate food cut into smaller pieces, while the self-boarding group tried new and rich foods. Residence types did not affect blood clinical indices. CONCLUSIONS: The self-boarding group had inadequate dietary habits compared to the home group. Although residence type did not affect the blood clinical indices, the students still had poor dietary habits. Therefore, proper nutrition education is needed to improve the nutritional status of college students, especially those that self-board.

Valoración de la adherencia del paciente diabético al consejo nutricional y evaluación de mejoras tras su reeducación: una investigación-acción en la costa mediterránea / Adherence to nutritional advice and improvement evaluation after reeducation among diabetic patients: an investigation-action on the Mediterranean coast

RESUMEN Objetivo: Valorar la adherencia del paciente diabético tipo 2 a las recomendaciones dietéticas profesionales, posteriormente educar en hábitos nutricionales saludables y evaluar las mejoras implementadas. Método: Investigación-Acción Evaluativa a 32 residentes diabéticos tipo 2 en la costa mediterránea española elegidos aleatoriamente en 2016 durante ingreso hospitalario. El diseño constó de 3 fases: exploratoria, educativa y evaluativa. Las técnicas empleadas fueron: la entrevista semiestructurada y métodos mixtos educativos. Los instrumentos fueron: el cuestionario MUST y el marco evaluativo de mejoras ISTEW. Resultados: Los entrevistados de ambos sexos (19 hombres y 13 mujeres) y media de edad de 74 años, no se sentían responsables de la elección y elaboración de la dieta diaria. Tampoco se sentían bien informados ni creían tener herramientas para abordar su salud nutricional correctamente. Se detectó un consumo excesivo de dulces y de grasas saturadas, no correspondiéndose con el tipo de dieta mediterránea esperable propia de la zona. Tras la intervención educativa se corroboró un alto grado de satisfacción y mejoras en su desempeño. Conclusiones: La no adherencia dietética se puede explicar por la ausencia de un canal de información eficaz paciente-familia-profesional y la ausencia del vínculo terapéutico al disminuir el empoderamiento y el nivel de gravedad percibida por la persona. La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea fue baja. El conocimiento de su patología no se explica por el nivel académico y socioeconómico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess adherence to professional dietary recommendations among type 2 diabetic patients and then evaluate improvements after education on healthy nutritional habits. Methods: In 2016, thirty-two type 2 diabetics who resided on the Mediterranean Coast of Spain were randomly selected and invited to participate at hospital admission. The design consisted of 3 phases: exploration, education and evaluation. The techniques used were: semi-structured interviews and mixed educational methods. The instruments were: the MUST questionnaire and the ISTEW improvement evaluation framework. Results: The interviewees of both sexes (19 men and 13 women) with an average age of 74 years did not feel responsible for the choice and elaboration of their daily diet. They also did not feel well informed, nor did they believe they had the tools to address their nutritional needs correctly. Excessive consumption of sweets and saturated fats was detected, not corresponding to the type of Mediterranean diet expected in the area. After the educational intervention, a high degree of satisfaction and improvements in performance were corroborated. Conclusions: Dietary nonadherence can be explained by the absence of an effective patient-family-professional information channel and the absence of a therapeutic link reduced patient empowerment and level of severity perceived by the person. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was low and the adherence to the Mediterranean diet was low. The knowledge of his pathology is not explained by the academic and socioeconomic level.

Intervenção multidisciplinar e motivacional para tratamento de adolescentes obesos brasileiros de baixa renda: estudo piloto / Multidisciplinary and motivational intervention for the treatment of low income brazilian obese adolescents: pilot study

RESUMO Objetivo: Testar uma intervenção multidisciplinar e motivacional para o tratamento de adolescentes obesos brasileiros e de baixa renda (escore Z>2 IMC-para-idade) que utilizou o aconselhamento nutricional sem controle dietético. Métodos: Desenvolveu-se um protocolo de intervenção que incluiu a realização periódica de oficinas de educação nutricional, aconselhamento nutricional individual com auxílio do modelo transteórico de mudança do comportamento, prática de exercícios físicos, aconselhamento psicológico, atividades recreativas e acompanhamento clínico, durante 13 meses, em uma amostra de 21 adolescentes (11-17 anos). Resultados: A taxa de desistência do tratamento (9,5%) foi menor do que a verificada em estudos de controle dietético (30-60%). No início, 70% da amostra se encontrava no estágio de comportamento denominado pré-contemplação (sem intenção de mudança) e, ao final, 100% dos adolescentes que permaneceram passaram aos estágios de ação ou manutenção (mudaram o comportamento ou mantiveram a mudança por mais de seis meses). Observou-se diminuição média de IMC-para-idade (15%, p=0,038) e de gordura visceral (gordura inicial de 3,67±1,19 e final de 2,78±0,78 cm, p=0,02). O percentual de massa gorda diminuiu e o de massa magra aumentou, quando comparados os valores médios iniciais e finais (42±5% e 38±8%, p=0,04; 58±6% e 61±8%, p=0,03, respectivamente). Conclusões: A intervenção parece eficaz para gerar mudança de estilo de vida, acompanhada de melhoria do perfil antropométrico e de composição corporal. O protocolo de intervenção pode oferecer metodologia de fácil adaptação e baixo custo para serviços de saúde, com alta adesão e baixa taxa de abandono.

ABSTRACT Objective: To test a multidisciplinary and motivational intervention for the treatment of Brazilian obese and low-income adolescents (Z score>2 BMI-for-age) that used nutritional counseling without dietary control. Methods: An intervention protocol was developed including periodical nutritional education workshops, individual nutritional counseling guided by the stages of eating behavior of the Trans Theoretical Model of Behavior Change, physical exercise, psychological counseling, recreational activities, and clinical follow-up for 13 months in a sample of 21 adolescents (11-17 years old). Results: The rate of treatment withdrawal (9.5%) was lower than that seen in dietary control studies (30-60%). Initially, 70% of the sample was in the pre-contemplation behavior stage and, in the end, 100% of the remaining adolescents were in the stages of action or maintenance. There was a mean reduction in BMI-for-age (p=0.038) and visceral fat (M±SD=3.67±1.19 and 2.78±0.78 cm, p=0.02, initial and final, respectively). The percentage of fat mass decreased and that of lean mass increased (42±5 and 38±8, p=0.04, 58±6 and 61±8%, p=0.03, respectively). Conclusions: The intervention seems to be effective in generating a lifestyle change, accompanied by anthropometric profile and body composition improvement. The intervention protocol may offer easy adaptation and low-cost methodology for health services, with high adherence and low abandonment rates.

Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and Blood Clinical Indices in Underweight, Normal Weight, Normal Weight Obese and Obese Female College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as excessive body fat in the context of a normal body mass index (BMI). This condition carries a greater risk of developing noncommunicable chronic disease and has been associated with early inflammation. This study was conducted to compare the anthropometric measurements, eating behaviors, and blood clinical indices among four groups: underweight, normal, normal weight obesity and obesity. METHODS: The subjects included 215 female college students. A questionnaire was administered regarding general characteristics, dietary behaviors, food consumption frequency. Anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were also investigated. RESULTS: The average BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were highest in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Most subjects had tried to lose weight and perceived that their health was worse than before they became college students. The ratio of students in the NWO group who thought their health was very poor was significantly higher than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). The obesity and NWO groups seemed to eat more and their eating speed was significantly faster than the other groups (pv0.001). The consumption frequency of caffeinated beverages was significantly higher in the NWO group than in the other three groups (p < 0.01). WBC was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of TG and total cholesterol were also significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum GPT was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05) while BUN level was highest in the NWO group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The obesity group showed the most health problems while the NWO group seemed relatively healthy. However, NWO can lead to problems such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life if poor dietary habits are maintained. Therefore, education in appropriate eating habits is needed for these subjects.

Dietary behavior status and its association with study-related factors in middle school students in Gyeonggi area / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the status of dietary behavior and its association with study-related factors in middle school students. METHODS: Study-related factors, dietary habit score and dietary behaviors were surveyed by questionnaire and then analyzed. A total of 580 students in some middle schools in Gyeonggi-do participated in this study. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS for windows Ver. 22.0. RESULTS: 71.3% of the subjects slept for 6 ~ 8 hours, and the studying time outside of school was the highest (2 ~ 4 hours). The highest score for stress from studying by private lessons or academies was ‘seldom stressed’, with higher stress being observed in male students than female students. The average dietary habit score was 3.69 in male students and 3.62 in female students. The highest average time for meal eating was 10 ~ 20 minutes, with shorter times being observed for male students than female students. Eating meals was regular in most students and the highest number of snack eating was 1 ~ 2 times a day. For dietary behaviors by study-related factors, students with more than 2 hours of studying time outside of school showed higher dietary habit scores than those with less than 2 hours, who showed significantly higher rates of eating 2 meals a day. As the sleeping hours and daily average studying hours increased, the rate of regular meal eating increased significantly. CONCLUSION: The students showed good, above average dietary behaviors, but gender differences in study-related factors and dietary behaviors. Moreover, the sleeping hours and the studying time outside of school were correlated with dietary habit scores and dietary behaviors. Thus, continuous and systematic education for proper dietary behavior is needed along with greater interest in students with problems of study-related factors, particularly those due to study burden.

Characterization of adolescents' diet with the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population / Caracterização da dieta dos adolescentes com o Diretrizes Dietéticas para a População Brasileira

Adolescence is characterized by the transition period between childhood and adulthood. The evaluation of dietary habits at this stage provides ground for the implementation of prevention policies of chronic noncommunicable diseases. The aim of this study was to describe the eating habits of adolescent students from two technical schools in the eastern zone of the city of São Paulo and compare them with the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. All incoming students of 2017, of both sexes, up to 19 years old and enrolled in the first year of all the Integrated Technical Courses were invited to participate. In this cross-sectional study, the total sample was 111 students. The research was conducted through an online questionnaire structured by the researcher and was developed based on the Dietary Guidelines' 10 steps for a healthy diet. We verified that among the main meals, the most neglected by adolescents was breakfast, since it was neglected in 1 out of 4 students. Most adolescents consume less than 1 liter of water per day, do not eat whole foods, and often consume rice and beans, milk and dairy products, fruits, sweets and ultra-processed products. The eating habits of this group is not yet in line with the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines, so a food and nutritional education work aimed at disseminating the recommendations based on this instrument is important for adopting healthier eating practices.

A adolescencia é caracterizada pelo período de transição entre a infância e a fase adulta. A avaliação dos hábitos alimentares nesta fase tem sua importância evidenciada, pois serve como base para implantação de políticas para prevenção de Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar a alimentação de estudantes adolescentes de duas escolas técnicas da zona leste do município de São Paulo de acordo com o Guia Alimentar para População Brasileira. Foram convidados todos os alunos ingressantes de 2017, de ambos os sexos, com até 19 anos, matriculados no primeiro ano de todos os Cursos Técnico Integrado ao Médio. Trata-se de um estudo de transversal com uma amostra total de 111 estudantes. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de questionário online estruturado pelo pesquisador, desenvolvido com base nos 10 passos para uma alimentação saudável do Guia Alimentar. Observando os hábitos comportamentais ligados a alimentação verificou-se que dentre as principais refeições, a mais negligenciada pelos adolescentes foi o café da manhã, pois era omitida por cerca de 1 em cada 4 dos estudantes. A maioria dos adolescentes ingere menos de 1 litro de água por dia, não ingere alimentos integrais e ingere frequentemente arroz e feijão, leite e derivados, frutas, doces e produtos ultraprocessados. A alimentação desse grupo ainda não está em consonância com as recomendações do Guia Alimentar, por isso um trabalho de educação alimentar e nutricional voltado a divulgação de recomendações baseadas nesse instrumento é importante para adoção de práticas alimentares mais saudáveis.

Effect of dietary intervention on newly-enrolled preschoolers / 预防医学

Objective To evaluate the intervention effect of dietary interventions in newly-admitted children in kindergartens and nurseries. Methods Newly-admitted children from 6 kindergartens and nurseries were randomly divided into intervention group and control group, and prospective controlled trials were conducted. The intervention group took a one-year comprehensive intervention measures, and the control group took conventional interventions, evaluation of the intervention effect. Results Before intervention, the parents of children had the highest content of protein in plant foods, which are the main nutrients in cereals, and the awareness rate was 62.08％ and 63.34％ respectively. About 74.05％ of the children need help when eating and 67.54％ of the children always skip breakfast. Generalized estimation equation analysis showed that after intervention, the awareness rate of various parents 'nutritional knowledge increased (P<0.05), and the increase rate of parents' awareness in the intervention group was greater than that of the control group (P<0.05) . After the intervention, the positive rate of various unhealthy eating habits among children decreased (P<0.05), and the positive rate of multiple unhealthy eating habits in the intervention group was greater than that of the control group (P<0.05) . Conclusion The family-school-children comprehensive intervention can effectively improve patient's awareness of nutritional knowledge and reduce the occurrence of unhealthy dietary behaviors of children in private nurseries.